1. Cultivate good operating behavior:
(1) Routine inspection before operation The mechanical equipment must always be kept in normal operation. Perform routine inspections on the mechanical equipment before work every day.
If any abnormal situation is found, the worker should notify the management personnel in time, and work can only be resumed after repair and confirmation of safety.
(2) Firmly grasp the signal communication When more than two people work together, sometimes it is necessary to specify the communication signal and operate according to the signal.
For positions with communication signals, workers should remember the specified signals and start work after confirming and understanding the meaning of the signals.
(3) Strictly abide by the operating procedures Simplifying or omitting the specified operating procedures for fear of trouble often leads to many accidents. Therefore, workers should strictly abide by the operating procedures.
(4) Report irregular operations in a timely manner When product deformation occurs in the production line, or when a minor fault occurs, some operations not specified in the operating procedures (i.e. irregular operations) are required, such as debugging the machine, maintenance, oiling, etc., which should be reported to the management personnel in a timely manner.
2. Absolutely prohibited unsafe operating behaviors:
1. Improper operation of mechanical equipment, incorrect methods of taking and placing items, and unreliable support of objects.
2. Approaching or entering dangerous places, such as running machines or hoisted goods.
3. Cleaning, refueling or repairing mechanical devices that are running, powered or heated.
4. Suddenly starting the machine, moving vehicles, objects or performing the next operation without giving a signal or confirming safety.
5. Improper selection, improper use or defects of mechanical devices.
6. Leaving the running machine and placing the machine or materials in an unsafe state or place.
7. Removing safety devices or making safety devices ineffective.
8. Jumping on or off vehicles or machines, or using hands instead of prescribed tools to operate.
9. Not using personal protective equipment, or improper selection, or wearing unsafely.
10. Touching unknown chemicals at will.
11. Rashly entering a confined space.
12. Rashly rescuing after an accident.
3. How to quickly identify the source of danger at work?
Hidden dangers refer to hidden dangers, that is, hidden and potentially dangerous things or disasters.
Accident hazards refer to unsafe behaviors of people, unsafe conditions of things and management defects in the production system that may lead to accidents.
4. Accident hazards are summarized into 21 categories:
Fire, explosion, poisoning and suffocation, water damage, collapse, landslide, leakage, corrosion, electric shock, fall, mechanical injury, coal and gas outburst, road facility injury, road vehicle injury, railway facility injury, railway vehicle injury, water transport injury, port terminal injury, air transport injury, airport injury, other types of hidden dangers, etc.
In the enterprise safety production inspection, attention should be paid to the following more common accident hazards:
5. Human unsafe behavior
There are mainly 11 categories, which are also the main direct causes of human safety accidents.
1. Ignore safety, ignore warnings, and operate incorrectly.
2. Human-caused failure of safety devices.
3. Use unsafe equipment.
4. Operate with hands instead of tools.
5. Improper storage of objects.
6. Risk entering dangerous places.
7. Climbing or sitting in unsafe positions.
8. Interfering and distracting behaviors.
9. Ignoring the use of individual labor protection products and tools or failing to use them correctly.
10. Unsafe clothing. Baijia Management
11. Contact with and handling of flammable, explosive and other dangerous goods incorrectly.
6. Unsafe state of objects
There are mainly 4 categories, which are also the main direct causes of objects in production safety accidents.
1. Lack or defects in protection, insurance, signal and other devices.
2. Defects in equipment, facilities, tools and accessories.
3. Lack or defects in labor protection products and tools.
4. Poor working environment at the production (construction) site.
7. Management defects
There are mainly 7 categories, which are also the main indirect causes of management in production safety accidents.
1. Technical and design defects.
2. Insufficient safety production education and training.
3. Unreasonable labor organization.
4. Lack of inspection or wrong guidance of on-site work.
5. No safety production management rules and regulations and safety operating procedures, or they are not sound.
6. Accident prevention and emergency measures are not available or are not sound.
7. Accident hazards are not rectified effectively and funds are not allocated.
8. Identification of dangerous and harmful factors
Dangerous factors refer to factors that can cause casualties to people or sudden damage to objects; harmful factors refer to factors that can affect people's health, cause diseases or cause chronic damage to objects.
Under normal circumstances, the two are not distinguished and are collectively referred to as dangerous and harmful factors.
9. Classification of dangerous and harmful factors
Classification of dangerous and harmful factors is the basis for analyzing and identifying dangerous and harmful factors. There are many ways to classify dangerous and harmful factors, mainly the following two methods:
1. Classification according to the direct cause of accidents and occupational hazards
(1) Physical dangerous and harmful factors
1) Equipment and facility defects
Insufficient strength, insufficient rigidity, poor stability, poor sealing, stress concentration, appearance defects, exposed moving parts, brake defects, other defects in equipment and facilities.
2) Protection defects
No protection, protection device and facility defects, improper protection, improper support, insufficient protection distance, other protection defects.
3) Electricity
Exposed live parts, leakage, lightning, static electricity, electric sparks, and other electrical hazards.
4) Noise
Mechanical noise, electromagnetic noise, fluid dynamic noise, and other noises.
5) Vibration
Mechanical vibration, electromagnetic vibration, fluid dynamic vibration, and other vibrations.
6) Electromagnetic radiation
Ionizing radiation: X-rays, g-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, protons, neutrons, high-energy electron beams, etc.; non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet rays, lasers, radio frequency radiation, and ultra-high voltage electric fields.
7) Moving objects
Solid projectiles, liquid splashes, rebounds, rock and soil sliding, material stack sliding, air flow rolling, impact ground pressure, and other moving object hazards.
8) Open flames
9) High-temperature substances that can cause burns
High-temperature gas, high-temperature solid, high-temperature liquid, and other high-temperature substances.
10) Low-temperature substances that can cause frostbite
Low-temperature gas, low-temperature solid, low-temperature liquid, and other low-temperature substances.
11) Dust and aerosol
Does not include explosive and toxic dust and aerosol.
12) Poor working environment
Chaotic working environment, foundation sinking, safety corridor defects, poor lighting, harmful light, poor ventilation, lack of oxygen, poor air quality, poor water supply and drainage, water gushing, forced posture, too high temperature, too low temperature, too high air pressure, too low air pressure, high temperature and high humidity, natural disasters, and other poor working environment.
13) Signal defects
No signal facilities, improper signal selection, improper signal location, unclear signal, inaccurate signal display, and other signal defects.
14) Sign defects
No signs, unclear signs, non-standard signs, improper sign selection, sign location defects, and other sign defects.
15) Other physical hazards and harmful factors
(2) Chemical hazards and harmful factors
1) Inflammable and explosive substances
Inflammable and explosive gases, inflammable and explosive liquids, inflammable and explosive solids, inflammable and explosive dust and aerosols, and other inflammable and explosive substances.
2) Self-igniting substances
3) Toxic substances
Toxic gases, toxic liquids, toxic solids, toxic dusts and aerosols, other toxic substances.
4) Corrosive substances
Corrosive gases, corrosive liquids, corrosive solids, other corrosive substances.
5) Other chemical hazards and harmful factors
(3) Biological hazards and harmful factors
1) Pathogenic microorganisms
Bacteria, viruses, other pathogenic microorganisms.
2) Infectious disease vectors
3) Harmful animals
4) Harmful plants
5) Other biological hazards and harmful factors
(4) Psychological and physiological hazards and harmful factors
1) Overload
Physical load overload, hearing load overload, visual load overload, other load overload.
2) Abnormal health conditions
3) Engaging in taboo work
4) Psychological abnormalities
Emotional abnormalities, adventurous mentality, excessive tension, other psychological abnormalities.
5) Identification function defects
Perception delay, identification errors, other identification function defects.
6) Other psychological and physiological dangers and harmful factors
(5) Behavioral dangers and harmful factors
1) Command errors
Command errors, illegal commands, and other command errors.
2) Operation errors
Wrong operations, illegal operations, and other operation errors.
3) Supervision errors
4) Other errors
5) Other behavioral dangers and harmful factors
6) Other dangers and harmful factors
2. Classification by accident category
(1) Object strike
Refers to an object moving under the action of gravity or other external forces, striking the human body, causing personal injury or death. It does not include object strikes caused by mechanical equipment, vehicles, lifting machinery, collapse, etc.
(2) Vehicle injury
Refers to human fall and object collapse, falling, and crushing accidents caused by the driving of enterprise motor vehicles. It does not include accidents caused by lifting equipment, towing vehicles, and vehicles stopping.
(3) Mechanical injury
Refers to injuries such as pinching, collision, shearing, entanglement, twisting, crushing, cutting, and stabbing caused by direct contact between the moving (stationary) parts, tools, and processed parts of mechanical equipment and the human body. It does not include mechanical injuries caused by vehicles and lifting machinery.
(4) Lifting injuries
Refers to crushing, falling, (hoisting equipment, lifting weight) object impact and electric shock during various lifting operations (including crane installation, maintenance and testing).
(5) Electric shock
Includes lightning strikes.
(6) Drowning
Includes drowning from falling from heights, but does not include drowning from water seepage in mines and underground.
(7) Burns
Refers to flame burns, burns from high-temperature objects, chemical burns (internal and external burns caused by acids, alkalis, salts and organic substances), physical burns (internal and external burns caused by light and radioactive substances), but does not include electrical burns and burns caused by fire.
(8) Fire
(9) Falling from heights
Refers to casualties caused by falling during operations at heights, but does not include electric shock and falling accidents.
(10) Collapse
Refers to an accident caused by an object exceeding its strength limit or structural stability under the action of external force or gravity, such as landslides during trenching, collapse of scaffolding, collapse of stockpiled materials, etc. It does not apply to collapse caused by roof falls in mines and collapse caused by vehicles, lifting machinery, and blasting.
(11) Roof falls
(12) Water seepage
(13) Blasting
Refers to casualties caused by blasting operations.
(14) Gunpowder explosion
Refers to explosion accidents caused by gunpowder, explosives, and their products during production, processing, transportation, and storage.
(15) Gas explosion
(16) Boiler explosion
(17) Container explosion
(18) Other explosions
(19) Poisoning and suffocation
(20) Other injuries
10. Methods for identifying dangerous and harmful factors
1. Intuitive empirical analysis method
(1) Comparison and empirical method
The comparison and empirical method is a method of analyzing the dangerous and harmful factors of an enterprise by comparing relevant standards, regulations, checklists or relying on the observation and analysis ability of analysts, with the help of experience and judgment.
(2) Analogy method
The analogy method is to use the experience of the same or similar engineering systems or operating conditions and labor safety and health statistics to analogize and analyze the dangerous and harmful factors of an enterprise.
2. System safety analysis method
The system safety analysis method is to use certain methods in system safety engineering evaluation to identify dangerous and harmful factors.
The system safety analysis method is often used for complex newly developed systems with no accident experience. Commonly used system safety analysis methods include event tree and accident tree.
11. Main contents of identification of dangerous and harmful factors
1. Factory site
Analyze from aspects of engineering geology, topography, hydrology, natural disasters, surrounding environment, meteorological conditions, transportation conditions, fire protection support, etc.
2. Factory layout
(1) General plan: functional (production, management, auxiliary production, living area) zoning layout; high temperature, harmful substances, noise, radiation, flammable and explosive dangerous goods facilities layout; process flow layout;
Building and structure layout; orientation, wind direction, fire protection distance, safety distance, health protection distance, etc.
(2) Transportation routes and docks: factory roads, factory railways, dangerous goods loading and unloading areas, factory docks.
3. Buildings (structures)
Fire resistance level, structure, fire prevention, explosion prevention, safe evacuation, orientation, lighting, transportation channels, etc.
4. Production process
Materials (toxic, corrosive, flammable and explosive materials), temperature, pressure, speed, operation and control conditions, accidents and out-of-control conditions, etc.
5. Production equipment and devices
(1) Chemical equipment and devices: high temperature, low temperature, corrosion, high pressure, vibration, key equipment, control, operation, maintenance and emergency abnormal situations when failure occurs and errors occur.
(2) Mechanical equipment: moving parts and workpieces, operating conditions, maintenance work, malfunction and misoperation.
(3) Electrical equipment: power failure, electric shock, fire, explosion, malfunction and misoperation, static electricity, lightning.
(4) Equipment with high risk and equipment for working at height.
(5) Special single equipment and devices: boiler room, acetylene station, oxygen station, oil depot, dangerous goods depot, etc.
(6) Harmful working parts such as dust, poison, noise, vibration, radiation, high temperature and low temperature.
(7) Management facilities, accident emergency rescue facilities and auxiliary production and living and sanitary facilities.
